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John the Apostle ( ; (ヘブライ語:יוחנן בן זבדי) ; (Latin and Koine Greek: ''Ioannes'') ) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. He was the son of Zebedee and Salome. His brother was James, who was another of the Twelve Apostles. Christian tradition holds that he outlived the remaining apostles and that he was the only one not to die a martyr's death. The Church Fathers consider him the same person as John the Evangelist, John of Patmos, and the Beloved Disciple. The tradition of many Christian denominations holds that he is the author of several books of the New Testament. ==New Testament author== Church tradition holds that John is the author of the Gospel of John and four other books of the New Testament — the three Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation. In the Gospel, authorship is internally credited to the "disciple whom Jesus loved" (, ''o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous'') in . claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of the "Beloved Disciple". The authorship of some Johannine literature has been debated since about the year 200.〔Eusebius of Caesarea, ''Ecclesiastical History'' Book vi. Chapter xxv.〕〔(Van den Biesen, Christian. "Apocalypse." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 6 Feb. 2013 )〕 Some doubt that the "Gospel of John" was written by an individual named "John" (Ἰωάννης or יוחנן). Nevertheless, the notion of "John the Evangelist" exists, and is usually thought of as the same as the Apostle John. In his ''Ecclesiastical History'', Eusebius says that the First Epistle of John and the Gospel of John are widely agreed upon as his. However, Eusebius mentions that the consensus is that the second and third epistles of John are not his but were written by some other John. Eusebius also goes to some length to establish with the reader that there is no general consensus regarding the revelation of John. The revelation of John could only be what is now called the book of Revelation.〔The History of the Church by Eusibius. Book three, point 24.〕 The Gospel according to John differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospels, likely written decades earlier than John's gospel. The bishops of Asia Minor supposedly requested him to write his gospel to deal with the heresy of the Ebionites, who asserted that Christ did not exist before Mary. John probably knew and undoubtedly approved of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, but these gospels spoke of Jesus primarily in the year following the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist.〔Thomas Patrick Halton, ''On illustrious men'', Volume 100 of The Fathers of the Church, CUA Press, 1999. P. 19.〕 Around 600, however, Sophronius of Jerusalem noted that "two epistles bearing his name ... are considered by some to be the work of a certain John the Elder" and, while stating that Revelation was written by John of Patmos, it was "later translated by Justin Martyr and Irenaeus", presumably in an attempt to reconcile tradition with the obvious differences in Greek style. Until the 19th century, the authorship of the Gospel of John had universally been attributed to the Apostle John. However, most modern critical scholars have their doubts.〔Harris, Stephen L., ''Understanding the Bible'' (Palo Alto: Mayfield, 1985) p. 355〕〔(Foley OFM, Leonard. "Saint of the Day: Lives, Lessons and Feast", (revised by Pat McCloskey, OFM), ''American Catholic.org'' )〕 Some scholars agree in placing the Gospel of John somewhere between AD 65 and 85,〔Harris, Stephen L., ''Understanding the Bible.'' McGraw-Hill, 2006. ISBN 978-0-07-296548-3〕 John Robinson proposes an initial edition by 50–55 and then a final edition by 65 due to narrative similarities with Paul. Other scholars are of the opinion that the Gospel of John was composed in two or three stages.〔Mark Allan Powell. ''Jesus as a figure in history.'' Westminster John Knox Press, 1998. ISBN 0-664-25703-8 / 978-0664257033〕 Among contemporary scholars are those who consider that the Gospel was not written until the latter third of the first century AD, and in the opinion of some an earliest possible would be 75-80 CE.〔 Gail R O'Day, introduction to the Gospel of John in ''New Revised Standard Translation of the Bible'', Abingdon Press, Nashville, 2003, p.1906〕 "...a date of 75-80 CE as the earliest possible date of composition for this Gospel". Other scholars think that an even later date, perhaps even the last decade of the first century AD right up to the start of the 2nd century (i.e. 90 - 100), is applicable.〔Reading John, Francis J. Moloney, SDB, Dove Press, 1995〕 Today, many theological scholars continue to accept the traditional authorship. Colin G. Kruse states that since John the Evangelist has been named consistently in the writings of early church fathers, "it is hard to pass by this conclusion, despite widespread reluctance to accept it by many, but by no means all, modern scholars."〔Kruse, Colin G.''The Gospel According to John: An Introduction and Commentary'', Eerdmans, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-2771-3, p. 28.〕 The Gospel of John was written by an anonymous author.〔E P Sanders, ''The Historical Figure of Jesus'', (Penguin, 1995) page 63 - 64.〕〔Bart D. Ehrman (2000:43) ''The New Testament: a historical introduction to early Christian writings.'' Oxford University Press.〕〔〔Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1995:287) ''(International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: K-P )'' MATTHEW, GOSPEL ACCORDING TO. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Quote: „Matthew, like the other three Gospels is an anonymous document.”〕〔Donald Senior, Paul J. Achtemeier, Robert J. Karris (2002:328) ''(Invitation to the Gospels )'' Paulist Press.〕〔Keith Fullerton Nickle (2001:43) ''(The Synoptic Gospels: an introduction )'' Westminster John Knox Press.〕〔Ben Witherington (2004:44) ''(The Gospel code: novel claims about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Da Vinci )'' InterVarsity Press.〕〔F.F. Bruce (1994:1) ''(The Gospel of John )'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.〕〔Patrick J. Flannagan (1997:16) ''(The Gospel of Mark Made Easy )'' Paulist Press〕 According to Paul N. Anderson, the gospel "contains more direct claims to eyewitness origins than any of the other Gospel traditions".〔Paul N. Anderson, (The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel ), p. 48.〕 F. F. Bruce argues that 19:35 contains an "emphatic and explicit claim to eyewitness authority".〔F. F. Bruce, (The Gospel of John ), p. 3.〕 Bart D. Ehrman, however, does not think the gospel claims to have been written by direct witnesses to the reported events.〔Bart D. Ehrman (2005:235) ''(Lost Christianities: the battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew )'' Oxford University Press, New York.〕〔Bart D. Ehrman (2004:110) ''(Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine. )'' Oxford University Press.〕〔Bart D. Ehrman(2006:143) ''(The lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: a new look at betrayer and betrayed. )'' Oxford University Press.〕 However, the Gospel's chapter 21 ends (at verse 24) with an explicit declaration unifying the witness and authorship, in the form of a literary device of postponement of the discovery of the identity of the mysterious "other disciple," and "disciple he loved," and "this man," the first two used multiple times across the expanse of eye-witness accounts: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John the Apostle」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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